America Our Past, Present, and Future. Essay - 1274 Words

America. It was a dream come true in a New World that was envisioned by artists, politicians, and monarchs alike. The ones who believed that anything could be achieved by God, the mind, and manpower. Even through opposition from governments, kingdoms, nobles, and naysayers, these brave individuals strived to establish a better life for themselves and their families, aimed to retain a secure future in the process, and wanted to worship God in their own way. They had the courage to cross unknown oceans and territories, sail miles and miles away from the comforts and familiarities of home, and set out to create a new lifestyle in a great land they had never known. This faith and courage kept their hopes alive, and helped them to survive even†¦show more content†¦Our fathers founded this nation with the belief in freedom, liberty, justice, equality, and individual responsibility. These are just some of the values and principles that have withstood the test of time and continue to inspire people to this day. They have gotten us through many wars, civil struggles, and ecomonic tragedies and we risen out of the crisis stronger over and over. When nations fell into freefall and spun out of control we have been there to supply for their needs in both military, humanitarian, and economic ways. Our free enterprise system has proven to work countless times, and we have advanced our ways of caring for those in need. But even with these val ues in place, there are some that still try to thwart the foundation we were built on and place government ahead of the people. These actions started the same war that created this nation. We must not allow our elected superiors to believe that they can put our future at risk to accomplish their agendas. To the ones that have forgotten this, we will remind by telling them what we believe. At this present moment, in this country, I believe that we are in a state of freefall. We are allowing society and government to redifine every belief that we once stood for. We are slowly being lulled by an immoral pied piper in an attempt to silence our voice and leadShow MoreRelatedPortrayal Of Immigrants In America. Out Of All The Stories1249 Words   |  5 PagesPortrayal of Immigrants in America Out of all the stories told throughout history, from caves to computers, never has there been one more dramatically scripted as the tale of the United States of America and her immigrants. 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History is the study of the past andRead MoreEssay on Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation1584 Words   |  7 PagesJustice Trends Evaluation Paper Jerry J Lynch Jr February 20, 2012 CJA/394 - Contemporary Issues and Futures in Criminal Justice Darren Gil, Faculty University of Phoenix Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation The criminal justice field is an ever evolving field. As today’s technology changes so does the way the criminal justice field interacts with that technology. As our society changes the technology that we use will also be altered to fit the situation. The barriers that comeRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg And The Sacrifice Made Here928 Words   |  4 Pagescasualties lay dead sprawled across the city and outskirts of Gettysburg. Eleven score and nineteen years ago our forefathers planned out a new nation based upon the principles that all persons should have. Seven score and twelve years ago as the reburying of thousands of fallen soldiers were taking place, Abraham Lincoln, The Union President, reminded approximately 15,000 people of that plan our forefathers architected for us. His brief address, lasting almost 2 minutes, became a national language thatRead MoreThe Current Free Market System1267 Words   |  6 Pagesability to change both the way an individual liv es and thinks cannot be understated. The educational system and its ability to affect the positive growth of our nation allows the government to fully harness the powers of its people. Humanity has long depended on the expansion of human knowledge and technology to further human progress. America as the most powerful and wealthy nation in the world must take measures to expand their university system to further meet the increasing demand for educated

Social Problems Final - 1243 Words

In the situation of a single parent woman it would be difficult if not impossible for this parent to financially provide for herself and child on a minimum wages. The major components of their survival would be to meet the essential needs of providing shelter, food, clothing, and health insurance. If the parent is working a day job there would be the need for an afterschool program or the child staying with family. If the parent had a 2nd or 3rd shift she would also need to set up alternative care for the child. This parent would need a strong network of family and friends to overcome the obstacles she might face. A single parent would have to decide what the best mode of transportation is whether it is public transportation or a used†¦show more content†¦It’s more difficult for a single mother to give financially for children as she will make less income than the male counterpart. It’s important for single parent woman to get all the education she can to improve her career, and be able to give a better life for the child. It will set an example to the child that they are willing to work hard for a better life. Education is the single most important element for the child to work hard in school to acquire a life style they deserve. As a single parent this person continually sacrifices their own needs to meet the needs of the child. In most cases the child will not see the big picture, and this is not their job to worry about their next meal or where they will live. This family would have to live modestly, with no extra pleasures like a vacation or getting the child certain items that the other kids in school may have received (ex. Video Game Systems, a bike, attending special classes or summer camps.) This would be a trying time for the parent as it’s every parent’s wish to give to your children. As the child grows and matures it’s every parent’s hope the child will learn an important lesson about the tough decisions every parent faces. In our society today children are growing up learning they need all the high-tech games that their friends have received. In fact this is not going produce a well- rounded child, but shows them the parents want to compete with what others parents areShow MoreRelatedThe Social Problem That I Chose For My Final Paper Is Poverty1592 Words   |  7 PagesDaniel DeGroat Social Issue Paper Intro to Sociology 9 December 2015 Poverty in America The social problem that I chose for my final paper is Poverty in America. Poverty is the general scarcity, dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. Since the early 1800s, industrialization and immigration has brought poverty of a new kind and on a new scale to American cities. I have chosen the topic of poverty because it is apart of my everyday life and world. BeingRead MoreLkjlj768 Words   |  4 PagesA Final Project Overview and Timeline Final Project Overview: Analyze a Sociological Issue In this course you have learned about many different kinds of social problems in societies around the world and in the United States, such as poverty, social inequality, race and cultural discrimination, gender stratification, environmental damage, population growth, and urbanization. For the final project, you will write a 1,750- to 2,450-word paper examining the impact of a current social problemRead MorePSY 325 Statistics for Behavioral and Social Science, Ashford1395 Words   |  6 PagesBehavioral and Social Science, Ashford Week 1, Final Paper Topic Selection For the Final Paper, you will identify three to five research studies from peer-reviewed sources that were published within the last ten years, which investigate a particular social science problem or topic. The Final Paper will focus on critiquing the varying statistical approaches used in each of these studies. Your assignment this week is to identify the topic that you intend to focus on for your Final Paper. You mayRead MoreThe Engineer s Ultimate Satisfying Solution1685 Words   |  7 Pagesscale between social reality and brute reality. The engineer must rationalize and optimize a solution to give it both purpose and functionality. The challenge is further complicated by the group dynamic of an engineering team which must globally optimize and collectively rationalize a multi-objective and multi-stakeholder project. The engineer’s ultimate satisfying solution should harmonize and integrate rationality and optimality into the design process. In this analysis, brute and social realitiesRead MoreHow Teachers Can Facilitate Problem Solving Development862 Words   |  4 Pages and social skills. At ages 2-4, children are still developing in all of these domains, therefore their problem solving skills are not yet efficient. For example, toddlers have limited awareness of another’s point of view, therefore limiting their social problem solving abilities. Toddlers also lack the language skills needed to communicate in social situations, further limiting those problem solving abilities. For this reason, it is important to look at how teachers can facilitate problem-solvingRead MoreArgumentative Essay : Generalist Social Work Practice1192 Words   |  5 PagesPosition Paper Two: Generalist Social Work Practice Dating back to the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century two women who impacted the field of social work and its beginning were Jane Addams and Mary Richmond. These two ladies pioneered something that later became one of the most influential evidence based practices that has helped to bring social justice and social support to communities, individuals, and groups. The area of social work later developed the generalistRead MoreIntroduction to the Miller Family727 Words   |  3 Pageshttps://gumroad.com/l/Teayh SOC Final Paper Final Paper To complete this assignment, read through the scenario below and address the specific questions and issues indicated. Review the Introduction to the Miller Family document for specific information on each member of the family. Grandmother Ella has been dealing with cancer for years now and has tried alternative remedies and juicing. She went into remission for some time, but now the cancer has returned and she is in the hospitalRead MoreBotox1275 Words   |  6 Pagesabout societal marketing (should Botox be promoted for cosmetic purposes? Should it be sold through parties?) The case can also be used to illustrate relationships in the marketing paradigm—between Allergan and doctors, Allergan and final consumers and doctors, and final consumers. Allergan’s marketing efforts are two-pronged in order to successfully promote to both markets. It is important for students to realize the pivotal role of the doctor in this purchase process in which consumers do not buyRead MoreRestricted Topic: Doping in track and field athletes600 Words   |  3 Pages1988 Olympic 100 final, Richard Moore stated that all of the top five athletes in the 100 meter final were using enhancement drugs, but only one athlete was stripped of his medal. This brings us to the question; do enhancement drugs help an athlete? Enhancement drugs cause negative effect physically, emotionally and socially, hence the percentages of doping victims are still increasing. I. The effect of performance enhancement drugs on track and field athletes poses physical problems for the athletesRead MoreCase Management : An Effective Component Of Health And Behavioral Health Service Delivery1137 Words   |  5 Pagescreating a rivalry between the professions. Social workers, nurses, and certified case managers are all uniquely qualified for the task and bring their own strengths to the work (Dziegielewski, 2013, p. 314). In this fragmented and competitive environment, social workers must advocate for their unique abilities to provide case management services that are guided by ecological and systems theories. Candyce S. Berger, PhD a professor and director of social work at the University of Texas El Paso discusses

The Role of the Press free essay sample

This paper looks at how the role of the press has changed in recent years. This paper examines how advertising has affected the role that the media plays in our lives. The paper examines the affect that the market has on the effectiveness of mass media. Some of the different issues discussed are the evolution of many newspapers from family-owned, to corporate-owned, deregulation, changes in the laws and how advertising has affected the need to increase revenues and how the type of advertiser approached influences the content of the materials. The author presents information to illustrate how different publications or even television programs attract a certain audience and this influences the type of advertisements that are found. The author also feels that in some cases too much emphasis has been placed on advertising and revenue dollars generated and this is having a negative impact on the freedom that the media, especially the newspapers have in reporting events. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the Press or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The paper reviews some studies that have been conducted in order to support the theory that todays mass media is unduly influenced by the need to generate revenue through advertising and as a result the message that the public is receiving is also being influenced in a negative manner. There are continual attempts to control the form and content of mass media. Deregulation of FCC limits on advertising time on radio and television in the 1980s fundamentally changed the nature of the mass media product that all of us are now served, and this deregulation came about because of very direct federal governmental (i.e. political) activity in the realm of mass media. Thus what seemed to be a political matter (the federal government wanted to reduce the level of regulation of as many industries as possible) was also very much an economic one (more minutes of advertising on radio and television shows meant that the marketplace and individual companies had more control over the content of television and radio programs.

What is Racism Essays - Social Constructionism, Kinship And Descent

What is racism? What is racism to me? Racism is the belief that a particular race is superior or inferior to another, that a person?s social and moral traits are predetermined by his or her inborn biological characteristics. Racial separatism is the belief, most of the time based on racism, that different races should remain segregated and apart from one another. In Power and Difference, Allan G. Johnson talks about the belief that privilege and oppression are not inevitable features of human life and that the choices each of us make matter more than we can ever know. We can look back at our own history and see what our choices has cost us. Is safe to say racism has existed throughout human history. It may be defined as the hatred of one person or group by another with the belief that that particular person or group is less than human because of skin color, language, customs, place of birth or any factor that supposedly reveals the basic nature of that person. It has influenced wars, slavery, the formation of nations, and legal codes. One important feature of racism, especially toward Blacks and immigrant groups, is clear in attitudes regarding slaves and slavery. Jews are usually seen by anti-Semites as subhuman but also superhuman: devilishly cunning, skilled, and powerful. Blacks and others are seen by racists as merely subhuman, more like beasts than men. If the focus of anti-Semitism is evil, the focus of racism is inferiority directed toward those who have sometimes been considered to lack even the ability to be evil. All of these arguments are based on a false understanding of race, contemporary scientists are not agreed on whether race is a valid way to classify people. What may seem to be significant "racial" differences to some people - skin color, hair, facial shape are not of much scientific significance. In fact, genetic differences within a so-called race may be greater than those between races. One philosopher writes: "There are few genetic characteristics to be found in the population of England that are not found in similar proportions in Zaire or in China...those differences that most deeply affect us in our dealings with each other are not to any significant degree biologically determined."

Brief History of Iran free essay sample

The Safavid Empire ruled over modern day Iran, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Republic of Armenia, Georgia, Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Caucasus. Although Islamic conquest in Iran started way back in 633 BC, the Safavid Dynasty is primarily known for establishing Shia Islam as the official religion of Iran. This lead to the decline of the Zoroastrian and Bahai faiths which are ancient religions originating in Iran. Shah Ismail I was the first Shah of the Safavid Dynasty, he was primarily responsible for converting Iran from Sunni to Shia Islam. Ismail served as a spiritual leader to the people of Iran, under his rule anyone who wasn’t part of the Shia Islam faith faced extreme religious prosecution and essentially were forced to convert. In the 18th century the Safavid Dynasty was weakened because of attacks from Russians and the Ottoman Empire. The Safavids also fought several brutal battles in Afghanistan because the Afghans were Sunni and they didn’t want to accept Shia Islam as the official religion of their land. We will write a custom essay sample on Brief History of Iran or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With all the chaos the Safavids faced, Iran started becoming helpless and began relying on European powers. By the early 18th century Iran was completely economically dependent on Europe. The Ottoman Empire took advantage of this vulnerable time for Iran and initiated a major invasion of the country resulting in the loss of many territories to the Ottomans including most of Azerbaijan and Georgia. The empire also started to decline militarily, leaving it more susceptible to invasion from the east. In 1722 Afghan forces invaded and murdered Shah Sultan Hossein. The invasion had catastrophic affects on Iran and thus began the fall of the Safavid Empire. After the Afghan invasion the Ottomans once again took advantage of this opportunity and started occupying areas in western Iran, while the Russians held areas near the Capsian Sea. The loss of all this territory eventually resulted in the demise of the Safavid Empire. After the fall of the Safavid Dynasty there were several other minor short-lived dynasties throughout the mid 1700s. These dynasties separated the Iranian people and were constantly in competition with the Shahs of other dynasties. The Qajar dynasty took power in 1781 and unified the Iranian people. Qajar Dynasty (1796-1825) Prior to the Qajar Dynasty, many short-lived dynasties sprang up throughout the greater part of the 18th century. Originally from lands near present-day Azerbaijan, Agha Mohammad Khan, of one the Qajar tribes ascended to power during a period of rivalry among members of the previous Zand dynasty. Although known to be extremely violent and brutal, Agha Mohammad was crucial in establishing the Qajar dynasty and uniting the different factions of Persia1. After his assassination in 1797, his nephew Fath Ali Shah succeeded to the throne and a few years later went to war with Russia. The Russo-Persian War of 1804 to 1813 started because the Russians started to encroach on Caucasus territories that had traditionally belonged to Persia. The Russian take-over of the city of Ganja and the murder of the Qajar governor was a threat to the safety of the Qajar Empire. Although the Persians outnumbered the Russians, they had much better technology and battle plans. Therefore, the Russians won and Fath Ali was forced to sign the Treaty of Gullistan which gave Russia any previously disputed or partially independent territories in Caucasus (most notably Georgia). The second Russo-Persian War also resulted in a defeat for the Qajars and they were forced to sign the Treaty of Turkmanch (1828) which gave Russians control over the entire area north of the Aras River (present day Azerbaijan and Armenia). The end of Fath Ali Shah’s reign was marked by an increase in European diplomatic competition between territories ancestrally controlled by Persia. Naser-e-Din was the next major Shah to control the Qajar Dynasty. Under his direction, Persia quickly became more westernized due to the introduction of different methods of education, science, and technological advances. Although he tried to get prevent further European encroachment upon Persia, he was unsuccessful in doing so. While he did do a lot for the modernization of Iran, Naser-e-Din’s continued the terrible habit of frivolous spending of government money. One of Naser-e-Din’s advisors tried to initiate reforms that drastically cut government spending, however; these initiatives were at odds with the interests of many officials and they convinced the Shah to dismiss and murder a man that could have really brought Iran out of debt and more resistant to the surrounding Europe and Russia. In 1896, the throne was passed down to Naser-e-Din’s son, Mozaffaredin Shah-eh Qajar. Continuing his predecessor’s trend of exorbitant spending, Persia was now basically at the control of Britain and Russia due to the many loans taken from them just to accommodate various personal expenses. Furthermore, since Persia had almost no incoming revenue, there was no way the debt to these foreign powers was going to be paid. This fiscal crisis caused outcry and discussion among educated merchants and notable religious leaders. They came to the conclusion that the current monarchy’s power needed to be curbed. Instead, a new political system was called for that established a rule of law and gave the people more of a voice. This rebellion became known as the Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911). After much resistance, Mozafferdin finally signed a constitution drafted by an elected assembly that identified basic rights (i. e. freedom of speech and press). Unfortunately, the constitution remained largely ineffective due to the recalcitrance of the monarchy. Any hope that Constitutional Revolution would bring about independence was shattered with the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907. This divided Persia into two â€Å"sphere of influence,† one controlled by Russia and the other by Britain. Both parties were granted access to any potential interests in their respective spheres and competition was allowed for any desired assets in the neutral zone. The ultimate decline of the Qajar Dynasty was brought about by World War I and the associated occupation of Persia by British, Russian, and Ottoman forces as well as the succession of Reza Shah Pahlavi. The Qajar Dynasty should be remembered for attempts at advancement towards the modernization of Persia. Disappointingly, the careless and selfish expenditures of the Shahs did not allow for this to happen. Due to heavy debt and no source of incoming revenue, Persia could never gain independence from foreign powers during these years. Pahlavi Dynasty After the fall of the Qajar Dynasty the Pahlavi Dynasty took control in 1925. The Majlis (National Assembly) declared Reza Khan as Shah of Persia. Reza Khan began the Pahlavi with a vision of modernizing Iran. During his sixteen year reign, he developed large scale industries, built the trans-Iranian Railway, which connected the north of the country to the south. He reformed the judiciary system, improved healthcare and established a national public education by founding the University of Tehran. At the beginning of Reza Shah’s rule all women in Iran wore the Hijab out in public because it had been Islamic tradition for hundreds of years. Women wore it because it was tradition and protesting it would be considered anti-Islam. Under Reza Shah’s rule, in the late 1930s, he declared the Hijab illegal because he believed it held women back and prevented them from contributing to the progress of the country. This ruling infuriated many traditional religious people but this didn’t affect Reza Shah in anyway and he kept ruling the country how he chose. Although Reza Shah brought about many positive changes to Iran he angered many people. Under his rule there was no freedom of speech and anyone who criticized him would be imprisoned, tortured and even killed. In 1935 Reza Shah issued a letter to the League of Nations insisting that the name â€Å"Iran† be used instead of Persia which it had been referred to up till then. The name â€Å"Iran† is a cognate of â€Å"Aryan† and means Land of the Aryans. A few Persian scholars protested this decision on the grounds that it created a break with the history of the country and that it seemed to be influenced by the Aryan propaganda of Nazi Germany, but Reza Shah argued that, in their own language, the people of Persia had called their country â€Å"Iran† for hundreds of years and that â€Å"Pars† or â€Å" Fars,† from which â€Å"Persia† had derived, was the name of a province in central Iran. He hoped that officially calling the country Iran would give it a modern image. During WWII, Reza Shah avoided involvement with Britain and the Soviets and proclaimed a Declaration of Neutrality. The refusal by Reza Shah to allow Iranian territory to be used as a transport passageway to ship arms to the Soviet Union for its war against Germany was the biggest motive for the Allied Forces invasion of Iran. The Allied Forces eventually exiled Reza Shah and took control of the railroad and communication systems. On September 16, 1941 Reza Shah’s son Mohammed Reza Shah replaced his father and took the throne. In January of 1942 Britain and Russia signed an agreement to respect Iran’s interdependence and withdrew their troops. By 1944 Iran’s political system began to evolve, political parties were formed and the Majles election of 1944 were the first competitive elections in over 20 years. On April 28, 1951 Mohammed Mosaddeq was elected as the new Prime Minister of Iran. Dr. Mosaddeq was extremely popular among the Iranian people. He nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) which allowed for government ownership of the assets. By doing this Britain lost money on its oil trade. Britain made sure Iran couldn’t sell any oil by evacuating technicians. Iran’s oil industry became idle and Iran started losing money rapidly. Britain was losing money as well so they decided to team up with the US and started publicly disapproving of Mosaddeq’s policy and claiming that he is taking the country towards communism. Keep in my mind this was in the early 1950’s when anti-communism hysteria was at its peak. The CIA along with the cooperation of Mohammed Reza overthrew and arrested Mosaddeq. Western interference upset the Iranian people and anti-western sentiments started to grow. When Mohammed Reza came back to power he started implementing liberal policies which the Iranian people deemed pro-western and thus the Islamic Revolution began. Islamic Revolution of 1979 The White Revolution occurred before the Islamic Revolution and was essentially a series of modern reforms which was what caused the drastic response of traditionalist Islamic leaders. The series of reforms included extension of voting rights for women, land reform, an initiative to spread literacy, nationalization of many things (like forests), and some other progressive changes. Ultra-conservative Islamic Shi’i leaders, most prominently Ayatollah Khomeini, feared that this White Revolution was too westernized and would lead to a dangerous shift against Islam. When he tried to promulgate this message, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi arrested him and eventually exiled him to about 13 years in Iraq and 1 year in France. While in exile, Khomeini spread his message in Iran through music cassettes and by 1977 demonstrations against Shah Pahlavi began marking the early stages of the Islamic Revolution. By January of 1979 the situation was too much to contain and the Shah was forced to leave. Two weeks later Khomeini returned to Iran and was met with an overwhelming amount of support. He proceeded to re-write the entire constitution and base it completely on Islamic laws. Any opposition to him in the form of media was shut down and any opponents of his were executed. Because most of his followers were not aware of his extremism (as well as a ballot that only offered one choice either support or opposition to the Islamic Republic), Khomeini won by a landslide. Thus, Iran voted to become an Islamic Republic on April 1, 1979 and approved a new democratic-theocratic hybrid constitution in which Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini became Supreme Leader of the country starting in December of the same year. Supporters would soon realize that this new constitution actually in no way democratic. Immediately after his victory, extremist laws were put into place that required all women to wear the hijab, that outlawed music other than military and religious chants, books written by foreign authors (Jane Austen, Ernest Hemingway, etc. ), dance of any sort, and the spread of any Western influences. If women were caught not wearing the hijab properly an organization known as the â€Å"Hezbollah† (Party of God) would attack them. School teachers and professors were fired, universities were shut down, the normal curriculum was abandoned and instead 18-19 year old females would brain-wash students and feed them government propaganda. It is also important to note the great number of students were arrested and held in prisons across the nation, most notoriously in a city north of Tehran called Evin. These teens were arrested for supposed political opposition to the new Islamic Constitution. They were put through physical and emotional torture for periods up to two years and largely ignored by the international and national community2. Also during the initial Revolution, a group of Islamist students and militants took over the American Embassy and held sixty-six American diplomats hostage. Most were only released about 1. years later in January of 1981 after many negotiations with the U. S. and the signing of the Algiers Accord. A crucial question to examine after reflecting on the Islamic Revolution is, how come citizens did not massively revolt against this stifling regime? There are a few reasons for this. First of all, the only reason Khomeini found so much support was that he promised to give the citizens democ racy and freedom without interruption from foreign powers. As previously mentioned, many Iranian citizens had become extremely irritated and frustrated with interventions from the West. This led to bitter feelings and resentment towards Western philosophies and ideals and is one of the reasons why Iranians were so ready to accept Khomeini’s Islam based ideals. After the Revolution, the drastic changes that were put into place were not heavily noticed by many because once the Iran-Iraq War began, people were told and rationalized that many issues would go away once the War was over. The nationalistic attitude that arose from the War was used to deceive citizens and turn their attention away from the more frightening problem of having elected an overly zealous Islamic dictator. People who were opposed to the Revolution were also accused of being anti-nationalistic and secretly supportive of Saddam Hussein. Also, even if people did realize the true monster behind Khomeini, the scare tactics he used to make sure no one tried to overthrow his rule were vicious enough to make people submit to his power. Persian Gulf War Recent The Persian Gulf War (Iran-Iraq War) was started by Sadam Hussein after border tensions between the two countries began to rise. He saw a chance to make territorial gains and an opportunity to overthrow the Khomeini’s regime which conservative Sunni’s saw as a threat. Iraq invaded Iran on September 22, 1980 and the war lasted until August of 1988 making it the longest war of the twentieth century. There were over half a million deaths and severe economic damage on both sides. The U. S. was involved in a political scandal with Iran called the Iran-contra affair in which the Reagan administration violated its own laws and secretly sold arms to Iran in hopes that the arms sales would secure the release of U. S. hostages and allow the U. S. to fund the Nicaraguan Contras. Part of the deal was that the U. S. would send American-made anti tank missiles to Iran from Israel. In 1997 Mohammed Khatami was elected president. He pursued political reform and liberalization. He also attempted to stabilize relations with the West and reduce tensions. Khatami was quite popular among Persian people and he was re-elected in 2001. In 2002 President Bush refers to Iran as part of the â€Å"axis of evil† in his State of the Union Address, this upset many Iranians. In 2005 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was elected president in place of Khatami. Ahmadinejad brought back conservative policies. Under his presidency dress codes and persecution of minorities became stricter, many homosexuals were also hanged. Ahmadinejad refused to stop uranium enrichment as demanded by the United Nations. He was re-elected in 2009 in a suspiciously large victory. Opponents claimed obvious fraud and protestors took to the streets, but the government didn’t back down and killed at least 20 demonstrators. The Obama administration currently has a policy of engagement with Iran, but no results can be seen so far. Conclusion Iran’s modern history is full of complexities. Iran struggles to this day to achieve a democracy. It seems like every time got closer to achieving that goal Western powers interfered and prevented that from happening. For example with Prime Minister Mosaddeq if Britain and the U. S. allowed Mosaddeq to run the country the way he wanted Iran may have achieved a style of democracy that works for them and the Islamic revolution may have never taken place. I believe that if the U. S. and Britain hadn’t been so greedy with money and oil the Islamic revolution may have never occurred and we would have diplomatic relations with Iran right now. Hopefully one day I will witness the day Iran truly achieves a democracy. Endnotes: 1. Ghani, Cyrus. Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power.

Biography of Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor

Biography of Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor Fast Facts: Frederick I (Barbarossa) Known For: Holy Roman Emperor and Warrior KingAlso Known As: Frederick Hohenstaufen, Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire  Born: Exact date unknown; circa 1123, birthplace thought to be SwabiaParents:  Frederick II, Duke of Swabia, Judith, the daughter of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, known also as Henry the Black.  Died: June 10, 1190 near Saleph  River,  Cilician ArmeniaSpouse(s): Adelheid of Vohburg, Beatrice I, Countess of BurgundyChildren: Beatrice, Frederick V, Duke of Swabia, Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor,  Conrad, later renamed  Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia, Gisela, Otto I, Count of Burgundy, Conrad II, Duke of Swabia  and Rothenburg, Renaud, William, Philip of Swabia, AgnesNotable Quote: It is not for the people to give laws to the prince, but to obey his mandate. (attributed) Early Life Frederick I Barbarossa was born in 1122 to Frederick II, Duke of Swabia, and his wife Judith. Barbarossas parents were members of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and House of Welf, respectively. This provided him with strong family and dynastic ties that would aid him later in life. At the age of 25, he became the Duke of Swabia following his fathers death. Later that year, he accompanied his uncle Conrad III, King of Germany, on the Second Crusade. Though the crusade was a tremendous failure, Barbarossa acquitted himself well and earned the respect and trust of his uncle. King of Germany Returning to Germany in 1149, Barbarossa remained close to Conrad and in 1152, he was summoned by the king as he lay on his deathbed. As Conrad neared death, he presented Barbarossa with the Imperial seal and stated that the 30-year-old duke should succeed him as king. This conversation was witnessed by the Prince-Bishop of Bamberg, who later stated that Conrad was in full possession of his mental powers when he named Barbarossa his successor. Moving quickly, Barbarossa garnered the support of the prince-electors and was named king on March 4, 1152. As Conrads 6-year-old son had been prevented from taking his fathers place, Barbarossa named him Duke of Swabia. Ascending to the throne, Barbarossa wished to restore Germany and the Holy Roman Empire to the glory it had achieved under Charlemagne. Traveling through Germany, Barbarossa met with the local princes and worked to end the sectional strife. Using an even hand, he united the princes interests while gently reasserting the power of the king. Though Barbarossa was King of Germany, he had not yet been crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the pope. Marching to Italy In 1153, there was a general feeling of dissatisfaction with the papal administration of the Church in Germany. Moving south with his army, Barbarossa sought to calm these tensions and concluded the Treaty of Constance with Pope Adrian IV in March 1153. By the terms of the treaty, Barbarossa agreed to aid the pope in fighting his Norman enemies in Italy in exchange for being crowned Holy Roman Emperor. After suppressing a commune led by Arnold of Brescia, Barbarossa was crowned by the Pope on June 18, 1155. Returning home that fall, Barbarossa encountered renewed bickering among the German princes. To calm affairs in Germany, Barbarossa gave the Duchy of Bavaria to his younger cousin Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony. On June 9, 1156, at Wà ¼rzburg, Barbarossa married Beatrice of Burgundy. Next, he intervened in a Danish civil war between Sweyn III and Valdemar I the following year. In June 1158, Barbarossa prepared a large expedition to Italy. In the years since he was crowned, a growing rift had opened between the emperor and the pope. While Barbarossa believed that the pope should be subject to the emperor, Adrian, at the Diet of Besanà §on, claimed the opposite. Marching into Italy, Barbarossa sought to reassert his imperial sovereignty. Sweeping through the northern part of the country, he conquered city after city and occupied Milan on September 7, 1158. As tensions grew, Adrian considered excommunicating the emperor; he died before taking any action. In September 1159, Pope Alexander III was elected and immediately moved to claim papal supremacy over the empire. In response to Alexanders actions and his excommunication, Barbarossa began supporting a series of antipopes beginning with Victor IV. Traveling back to Germany in late 1162, to quell unrest caused by Henry the Lion, he returned to Italy the following year with the goal of conquering Sicily. These plans quickly changed when he was required to suppress uprisings in northern Italy. In 1166, Barbarossa attacked toward Rome at won a decisive victory at the Battle of Monte Porzio. His success proved short-lived, however, as disease ravaged his army and he was forced to retreat back to Germany. Remaining in his realm for six years, he worked to improve diplomatic relations with England, France, and the Byzantine Empire. Lombard League During this time, several of the German clergy had taken up the cause of Pope Alexander. Despite this unrest at home, Barbarossa again formed a large army and crossed the mountains into Italy. Here, he met the united forces of the Lombard League, an alliance of northern Italian cities fighting in support of the pope. After winning several victories, Barbarossa requested that Henry the Lion join him with reinforcements. Hoping to increase his power through the possible defeat of his uncle, Henry refused to come south. On May 29, 1176, Barbarossa and a detachment of his army were badly defeated at Legnano, with the emperor believed killed in the fighting. With his hold over Lombardy broken, Barbarossa made peace with Alexander at Venice on July 24, 1177. Recognizing Alexander as pope, his excommunication was lifted and he was reinstated into the Church. With peace declared, the emperor and his army marched north. Arriving in Germany, Barbarossa found Henry the Lion in open rebellion of his authority. Invading Saxony and Bavaria, Barbarossa captured Henrys lands and forced him into exile. Third Crusade Though Barbarossa had reconciled with the pope, he continued to take actions to strengthen his position in Italy. In 1183, he signed a treaty with the Lombard League, separating them from the pope. Also, his son Henry married Constance, the Norman princess of Sicily, and was proclaimed King of Italy in 1186. While these maneuvers led to increased tension with Rome, it did not prevent Barbarossa answering the call for the Third Crusade in 1189. Death Working in conjunction with Richard I of England and Philip II of France, Barbarossa formed an immense army with the goal of retaking Jerusalem from Saladin. While the English and French kings traveled by sea to the Holy Land with their forces, Barbarossas army was too large and was forced to march overland. Moving through Hungary, Serbia, and the Byzantine Empire, they crossed the Bosporus into Anatolia. After fighting two battles, they arrived at the Saleph River in southeast Anatolia. While stories vary, it is known that Barbarossa died on June 10, 1190, while jumping into or crossing the river. His death led to chaos within the army and only a small fraction of the original force, led by his son Frederick VI of Swabia, reached Acre. Legacy Over the centuries following his death, Barbarossa became a symbol for German unity. During the 14th century, there was a belief that he would rise from the imperial castle of Kyffhuser. During World War II, the Germans launched a massive attack against Russia, which they dubbed Operation Barbarossa in honor of the medieval emperor.

Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Position Paper - Essay Example Due to the importance of the learning process this position paper was created to compare and contrast the learning assessment performed by Jim Evans in 1962 and two alternate ways to assess learning of students. The position of the writer is that the traditional learning assessment performed by Mr. Evans is inadequate to determine if real learning occurred. The proposed methods to assess learning which are far superior to the techniques utilized by Mr. Evans are simulation and essays. Jim Evans performed a teaching workshop to state agencies for creating effective visuals in which the teaching objectives were outstanding. As an educator Mr. Evans taught a class in which most students seemed to be satisfied until he decided to utilize a 50 item test as the only assessment of what the students had learned during the workshop course. Some students immediately complain after not doing well on the test, some of the comments included constructive criticism such as, â€Å"the teacher continue his lesson assuming everyone had learned the concept he was teaching† (Smith & Ragan, 2005, p.104). The methods Mr. Evans utilized did not truly reflect a correct basis to determine if students actually learned the basics they must have picked up from the course. Mr. Evans was teaching a short course to a group of adults. He utilized a technique more appropriate to ensure younger students learning basic skills such as intermediate math or elementary grammar. In this type of course the teachers has to ensure specific items of knowledge are learned to ensure the student learned knowledge they need for future courses. In those types of scenarios the students are taking a course that lasts a semester typically in which they are numerous class reunions and the instructor is able to teach different segments of the material and emphasize on theories and specific applications that are easy to evaluate through a series of written tests. Mr. Evans was not